Alpha-synuclein interaction with mitochondria is the final mechanism of ferroptotic death induced by erastin in SH-SY5Y cells.

Ferroptosis has been characterized as a form of iron-dependent regulated cell death accompanied by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid oxidation products along with typical morphological alterations in mitochondria. Ferroptosis is activated by diverse triggers and inhibited by ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, apart from iron chelators and several antioxidants, and the process is implicated in multiple pathological conditions. There are, however, certain ambiguities about ferroptosis, especially regarding the final executioner of cell death subsequent to the accumulation of ROS. This study uses a typical inducer of ferroptosis such as erastin on SH-SY5Y cells, and shows clearly that ferroptotic death of cells is accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP content along with an accumulation of oxidative stress markers. All these are prevented by ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1. Additionally, cyclosporine A prevents mitochondrial alterations and cell death induced by erastin implying the crucial role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activation in ferroptotic death. Furthermore, an accumulation of α-synuclein occurs during erastin induced ferroptosis which can be inhibited by ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1. When the knock-down of α-synuclein expression is performed by specific siRNA treatment of SH-SY5Y cells, the mitochondrial impairment and ferroptotic death of the cells induced by erastin are markedly prevented. Thus, α-synuclein through the involvement of mPTP appears to be the key executioner protein of ferroptosis induced by erastin, but it needs to be verified if it is a generalized mechanism of ferroptosis by using other inducers and cell lines.

Exosomal Dynamics and Brain Redox Imbalance: Implications in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Diagnosis.

Oxidative burden plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, fostering protein aggregation, inflammation, mitochondrial impairment, and cellular dysfunction that collectively lead to neuronal injury. The role of exosomes in propagating the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases including AD is now well established. However, recent studies have also shown that exosomes are crucial responders to oxidative stress in different tissues. Thus, this offers new insights and mechanistic links within the complex pathogenesis of AD through the involvement of oxidative stress and exosomes. Several studies have indicated that exosomes, acting as intracellular communicators, disseminate oxidatively modified contents from one cell to another, propagating the pathology of AD. Another emerging aspect is the exosome-mediated inhibition of ferroptosis in multiple tissues under different conditions which may have a role in neurodegenerative diseases as well. Apart from their involvement in the pathogenesis of AD, exosomes enter the bloodstream serving as novel noninvasive biomarkers for AD; some of the exosome contents also reflect the cerebral oxidative stress in this disease condition. This review highlights the intricate interplay between oxidative stress and exosome dynamics and underscores the potential of exosomes as a novel tool in AD diagnosis.

Improved liquid phase exfoliation technique for the fabrication of MoS2/graphene heterostructure-based photodetector.

2D nanosheets produced using liquid phase exfoliation method offers scalable and cost effective routes to optoelectronics devices. But this technique sometimes yields high defect, low stability, and compromised electronic properties. In this work, we employed an innovative approach that improved the existing liquid phase exfoliation method for fabricating MoS2/graphene heterostructure-based photodetector with enhanced optoelectronic properties. This technique involves hydrothermally treating MoS2 before dispersing it in a carefully chosen and environmentally friendly IPA/water solvent for ultrasonication exfoliation through an optomechanical approach. Thereafter, heterostructure nanosheets of MoS2 and graphene were formed through sequential deposition technique for the fabrication of vertical heterojunctions. Furthermore, we achieved a vertically stacked MoS2/graphene photodetector and a bare MoS2 photodetector. The MoS2/graphene hybrid nanosheets were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The results obtained show the size of the nanosheets is between 350 and 500 nm on average, and their thickness is less than or equal to 5 nm, and high crystallinity in the 2H semiconducting phase. The photocurrent, photoresponsivity, external quantum efficiency (EQE), and specific detectivity of MoS2/graphene heterostructure at 4 V bias voltage and 650 nm illumination wavelength were 3.55 µA, 39.44 mA/W, 7.54 %, and 2.02 × 1010 Jones, respectively, and that of MoS2 photodetector are 0.55 µA, 6.11 mA/W, 1.16 %, and 3.4 × 109 Jones. The results presented indicate that the photoresponse performances of the as-prepared MoS2/graphene were greatly improved (about 7-fold) compared to the photoresponse of the sole MoS2. Again, the MoS2/graphene heterostructure fabricated in this work show better optoelectronic characteristics as compared to the similar heterostructure prepared using the conventional solution processed method. The results provide a modest, inexpensive, and efficient method to fabricate heterojunctions with improved optoelectronic performance.

Network analysis of transcriptomic data uncovers molecular signatures and the interplay of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs in human embryonic stem cells.

Growing evidence has shown that besides the protein coding genes, the non-coding elements of the genome are indispensable for maintaining the property of self-renewal in human embryonic stem cells and in cell fate determination. However, the regulatory mechanisms and the landscape of interactions between the coding and non-coding elements is poorly understood. In this work, we used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on transcriptomic data retrieved from RNA-seq and small RNA-seq experiments and reconstructed the core human pluripotency network (called PluriMLMiNet) consisting of 375 mRNA, 57 lncRNA and 207 miRNAs. Furthermore, we derived networks specific to the naïve and primed states of human pluripotency (called NaiveMLMiNet and PrimedMLMiNet respectively) that revealed a set of molecular markers (RPS6KA1, ZYG11A, ZNF695, ZNF273, and NLRP2 for naive state, and RAB34, TMEM178B, PTPRZ1, USP44, KIF1A and LRRN1 for primed state) which can be used to distinguish the pluripotent state from the non-pluripotent state and also to identify the intra-pluripotency states (i.e., naïve and primed state). The lncRNA DANT1 was found to be a crucial as it formed a bridge between the naive and primed state-specific networks. Analysis of the genes neighbouring DANT1 suggested its possible role as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for the induction and maintenance of human pluripotency. This was computationally validated by predicting the missing DANT1-miRNA interactions to complete the ceRNA circuit. Here we first report that DANT1 might harbour binding sites for miRNAs hsa-miR-30c-2-3p, hsa-miR-210-3p and hsa-let-7b-5p which may influence pluripotency.

Band structure sensitive photoresponse in twisted bilayer graphene proximitized with WSe2.

The ability to tune the twist angle between different layers of two-dimensional (2D) materials has enabled the creation of electronic flat bands artificially, leading to exotic quantum phases. When a twisted blilayer of graphene (tBLG) is placed at the van der Waals proximity to a semiconducting layer of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC), such as WSe2, the emergent phases in the tBLG can fundamentally modify the functionality of such heterostructures. Here we have performed photoresponse measurements in few-layer-WSe2/tBLG heterostructure, where the mis-orientation angle of the tBLG layer was chosen to lie close to the magic angle of 1.1°. Our experiments show that the photoresponse is extremely sensitive to the band structure of tBLG and gets strongly suppressed when the Fermi energy was placed within the low-energy moiré bands. Photoresponse could however be recovered when Fermi energy exceeded the moiré band edge where it was dominated by the photogating effect due to transfer of charge between the tBLG and the WSe2 layers. Our observations suggest the possibility of the screening effects from moiré flat bands that strongly affect the charge transfer process at the WSe2/tBLG interface, which is further supported by time-resolved photo-resistance measurements.

Enhancing Anti-cancer Activity: Green Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Turmeric-Gold Nanocapsules on A549 Lung Cancer Cells.

Background Lung cancer remains a major global health concern, with a notable increase in new cases in recent years. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of polymeric turmeric-gold nanocapsules on A549 human lung cancer cells, utilizing green-synthesized gold nanoparticles from Curcuma longa L. and ethyl cellulose-based nanocapsules. Methods Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous root extract of Curcuma longa L., and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. Subsequently, polymeric nanocapsules of turmeric with encapsulated gold nanoparticles were prepared. The cytotoxicity of these nanocapsules was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on both A549 lung cancer cell lines and normal cell lines. Results The turmeric-gold nanocapsules exhibited a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 40 µg/ml, while the gold nanoparticles alone showed an IC50 value of 60 µg/ml when tested on A549 cells. Furthermore, apoptosis was observed in A549 cells treated with turmeric-gold nanocapsules. The combination of gold nanoparticles and turmeric polymer (gold turmeric nanocapsules) demonstrated a more potent anti-cancer effect on the lung cancer cell line, with an IC50 value of 40 µg/ml compared to green-synthesized gold nanoparticles (IC50 of 60 µg/ml). Conclusion The utilization of polymeric nanocapsules of turmeric, with green-synthesized gold nanoparticles, presents a promising solution to overcome the limited water solubility of turmeric. The results suggest that the combination of gold nanoparticles and turmeric enhances the cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung cancer cells. These findings contribute to the potential application of turmeric-gold nanocapsules as a novel therapeutic approach in lung cancer research.

Visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product index: The promising role in assessing cardiometabolic risk in non-obese patients of PCOS.

BACKGROUND: The combination of metabolic disorders like obesity, insulin resistance, reduced glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia poses an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with PCOS which is closely related to increased visceral fat accumulation. This study explored the noninvasive adiposity markers like Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) levels in non-obese PCOS patients and their associations with clinico-metabolic parameters. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The case-control study was conducted with a total of 66 PCOS cases and 40 healthy controls (aged 18-35). Their lipid profile, fasting insulin levels and homeostatic model of insulin resistance index, VAI, and LAP scores were estimated. The cases were divided into three groups depending on the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. The predictive power of LAP and VAI with respect to cardiovascular outcomes was assessed by ROC curves. RESULTS: The VAI and LAP scores have shown a significant positive correlation with markers of metabolic syndrome. When multiple risk factors are considered simultaneously, the cutoff value of VAI is 2.59 with 91% sensitivity and 80% specificity, and that of the LAP score is 40.2 with 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity. The area under curves for VAI was 0.935 and for LAP was 0.945 considering the presence of at least three risk factors. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that with a definitive cutoff value, VAI and LAP were inexpensive, simple, and effective screening tools for cardiometabolic risk assessment in non-obese women with PCOS and can be an effective way to determine long-term cardiovascular outcomes and prevent them.

Spin-orbit coupling-enhanced valley ordering of malleable bands in twisted bilayer graphene on WSe2.

Recent experiments in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene have revealed a wealth of novel electronic phases as a result of interaction-driven spin-valley flavour polarisation. In this work, we investigate correlated phases due to the combined effect of spin-orbit coupling-enhanced valley polarisation and the large density of states below half filling of the moiré band in twisted bilayer graphene coupled to tungsten diselenide. We observe an anomalous Hall effect, accompanied by a series of Lifshitz transitions that are highly tunable with carrier density and magnetic field. The magnetisation shows an abrupt change of sign near half-filling, confirming its orbital nature. While the Hall resistance is not quantised at zero magnetic fields-indicating a ground state with partial valley polarisation-perfect quantisation and complete valley polarisation are observed at finite fields. Our results illustrate that singularities in the flat bands in the presence of spin-orbit coupling can stabilise ordered phases even at non-integer moiré band fillings.

Pediatric Colonic Anastomosis: Can Method of Anastomosis and Wound Closure be of Help?

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols after colorectal surgery focused on reduced bowel preparation, standardized feeding schedule, earlier return of bowel function, and earlier resumption of normal activities. ERAS in pediatric surgical practice is not well established. The present study aims to present the results of two colonic anastomosis techniques of interrupted single-layered closure: Halsted (Horizontal Mattress) and Matheson (serosubmucosal or appositional extramucosal) along with two different methods of colostomy wound closure and their influence on the adoption of ERAS protocol of early feeding and early discharge. Materials and Methods: This single institute-based randomized control study was conducted in a tertiary care facility in Kolkata for 2.4 years. Patients were chosen randomly for serosubmucosal (Group I) and full-thickness (Group II) anastomosis. Results: Among total of 91 patients (Group I-43 and Group II-48), Return of bowel sounds and passage of bowel averaged 1.51 ± 0.51 and 1.91 ± 0.55 days in Group I and 1.91 ± 0.57 and 3.9 ± 0.66 days in Group II, respectively. Postoperative hospital stay averaged 5.88 ± 1.12 days in Group I and 8.9 ± 1.17 days in Group II. Overall 15 (16.48%) patients had complications among which SSI (Suprficial surgical site infection) and minor leaks (Group I-3 and 1 and Group II-5 and 3, respectively) which were treated conservatively (Clavien-Dindo Grade-I) and three major leaks under Group II requiring surgical intervention (Clavien-Dindo Grade-III). Conclusion: This study concludes that the technique of colostomy closure in the form serosubmucosal closure helps in the implementation of ERAS protocol by producing early bowel movement, early initiation of food, and less postoperative complications.

Evaluating ChatGPT's Ability to Solve Higher-Order Questions on the Competency-Based Medical Education Curriculum in Medical Biochemistry.

Background Healthcare-related artificial intelligence (AI) is developing. The capacity of the system to carry out sophisticated cognitive processes, such as problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and perceiving, is referred to as higher cognitive thinking in AI. This kind of thinking requires more than just processing facts; it also entails comprehending and working with abstract ideas, evaluating and applying data relevant to the context, and producing new insights based on prior learning and experience. ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence-based conversational software that can engage with people to answer questions and uses natural language processing models. The platform has created a worldwide buzz and keeps setting an ongoing trend in solving many complex problems in various dimensions. Nevertheless, ChatGPT's capacity to correctly respond to queries requiring higher-level thinking in medical biochemistry has not yet been investigated. So, this research aimed to evaluate ChatGPT's aptitude for responding to higher-order questions on medical biochemistry. Objective In this study, our objective was to determine whether ChatGPT can address higher-order problems related to medical biochemistry.​​​​​​ Methods​​​ This cross-sectional study was done online by conversing with the current version of ChatGPT (14 March 2023, which is presently free for registered users). It was presented with 200 medical biochemistry reasoning questions that require higher-order thinking. These questions were randomly picked from the institution's question bank and classified according to the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum's competency modules. The responses were collected and archived for subsequent research. Two expert biochemistry academicians examined the replies on a zero to five scale. The score's accuracy was determined by a one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test using hypothetical values. Result The AI software answered 200 questions requiring higher-order thinking with a median score of 4.0 (Q1=3.50, Q3=4.50). Using a single sample Wilcoxon signed rank test, the result was less than the hypothetical maximum of five (p=0.001) and comparable to four (p=0.16). There was no difference in the replies to questions from different CBME modules in medical biochemistry (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.39). The inter-rater reliability of the scores scored by two biochemistry faculty members was outstanding (ICC=0.926 (95% CI: 0.814-0.971); F=19; p=0.001)​​​​​​ Conclusion The results of this research indicate that ChatGPT has the potential to be a successful tool for answering questions requiring higher-order thinking in medical biochemistry, with a median score of four out of five. However, continuous training and development with data of recent advances are essential to improve performance and make it functional for the ever-growing field of academic medical usage.

Metal-Induced Energy Transfer (MIET) for Live-Cell Imaging with Fluorescent Proteins.

Metal-induced energy transfer (MIET) imaging is an easy-to-implement super-resolution modality that achieves nanometer resolution along the optical axis of a microscope. Although its capability in numerous biological and biophysical studies has been demonstrated, its implementation for live-cell imaging with fluorescent proteins is still lacking. Here, we present its applicability and capabilities for live-cell imaging with fluorescent proteins in diverse cell types (adult human stem cells, human osteo-sarcoma cells, and Dictyostelium discoideum cells), and with various fluorescent proteins (GFP, mScarlet, RFP, YPet). We show that MIET imaging achieves nanometer axial mapping of living cellular and subcellular components across multiple time scales, from a few milliseconds to hours, with negligible phototoxic effects.

Effects of constant darkness on behaviour and physiology of male and female mice.

A healthy state of life suggests not only a disease-free condition but also normal psychological functioning and behaviour. To maintain a healthy life, the duration of light exposure is a crucial factor. Perturbation of the standard light-dark cycle (LD: 12 h light-12 h dark in mice) may result in brain, behavioural and physiological abnormalities. The current study determined the effects of 3 and 5 weeks of constant darkness (DD: 00 h light-24 h dark) on the behaviour, hormones, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and metabolome of male and female C57BL/6 J mice. We also studied 3 weeks of restoration in LD following 5 weeks of DD exposure. The results revealed that 3 weeks of DD affected male mice more than females, and 5 weeks of DD had a comparable impact on behaviour, hormones and the PFC of male and female mice. After restoration in LD, the DD-induced changes reverted to time-matched LD conditions in male and female mice. Furthermore, metabolome analysis corroborated male and female mice's behavioural and molecular kinetics. The present study laid the foundation for understanding how DD affects behaviour and the PFC as a function of (a) time and (b) sex and described the roles of stress and sex hormones, cytokines, neurotrophins and metabolic pathways.

Cholesterol-Induced Nanoscale Variations in the Thickness of Phospholipid Membranes.

Graphene-induced energy transfer (GIET) is a recently developed fluorescence-spectroscopic technique that achieves subnanometric optical localization of fluorophores along the optical axis of a microscope. GIET is based on the near-field energy transfer from an optically excited fluorescent molecule to a single sheet of graphene. It has been successfully used for estimating interleaflet distances of single lipid bilayers and for investigating the membrane organization of living mitochondria. In this study, we use GIET to measure the cholesterol-induced subtle changes of membrane thickness at the nanoscale. We quantify membrane thickness variations in supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) as a function of lipid composition and increasing cholesterol content. Our findings demonstrate that GIET is an extremely sensitive tool for investigating nanometric structural changes in biomembranes.

Benchmarking Noise and Dephasing in Emerging Electrical Materials for Quantum Technologies.

As quantum technologies develop, a specific class of electrically conducting materials is rapidly gaining interest because they not only form the core quantum-enabled elements in superconducting qubits, semiconductor nanostructures, or sensing devices, but also the peripheral circuitry. The phase coherence of the electronic wave function in these emerging materials will be crucial when incorporated in the quantum architecture. The loss of phase memory, or dephasing, occurs when a quantum system interacts with the fluctuations in the local electromagnetic environment, which manifests in "noise" in the electrical conductivity. Hence, characterizing these materials and devices therefrom, for quantum applications, requires evaluation of both dephasing and noise, although there are very few materials where these properties are investigated simultaneously. Here, the available data on magnetotransport and low-frequency fluctuations in electrical conductivity are reviewed to benchmark the dephasing and noise. The focus is on new materials that are of direct interest to quantum technologies. The physical processes causing dephasing and noise in these systems are elaborated, the impact of both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters from materials synthesis and devices realization are evaluated, and it is hoped that a clearer pathway to design and characterize both material and devices for quantum applications is thus provided.

A feasibility study to assess Mediterranean Diet adherence using an AI-powered system.

Mediterranean diet (MD) can play a major role in decreasing the risks of non-communicable diseases and preventing overweight and obesity. In order for a person to follow the MD and assess their adherence to it, proper dietary assessment methods are required. We have developed an Artificial Intelligence-powered system that recognizes the food and drink items from a single meal photo and estimates their respective serving size, and integrated it into a smartphone application that automatically calculates MD adherence score and outputs a weekly feedback report. We compared the MD adherence score of four users as calculated by the system versus an expert dietitian, and the mean difference was 3.5% and statistically not significant. Afterwards, we conducted a feasibility study with 24 participants, to evaluate the system's performance and to gather the users' and dietitians' feedback. The image recognition system achieved 61.8% mean Average Precision for the testing set and 57.3% for the feasibility study images (where the ground truth was taken as the participants' annotations). The feedback from the participants of the feasibility study was also very positive.

Transcriptome analysis of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves to identify differentially expressed genes associated with post-harvest shelf-life elongation.

Present study deals with molecular expression patterns responsible for post-harvest shelf-life extension of mulberry leaves. Quantitative profiling showed retention of primary metabolite and accumulation of stress markers in NS7 and CO7 respectively. The leaf mRNA profiles was sequenced using the Illumina platform to identify DEGs. A total of 3413 DEGs were identified between the treatments. Annotation with Arabidopsis database has identified 1022 DEGs unigenes. STRING generated protein-protein interaction, identified 1013 DEGs nodes with p < 1.0e-16. KEGG classifier has identified genes and their participating biological processes. MCODE and BiNGO detected sub-networking and ontological enrichment, respectively at p ≤ 0.05. Genes associated with chloroplast architecture, photosynthesis, detoxifying ROS and RCS, and innate-immune response were significantly up-regulated, responsible for extending shelf-life in NS7. Loss of storage sucrose, enhanced activity of senescence-related hormones, accumulation of xenobiotics, and development of osmotic stress inside tissue system was the probable reason for tissue deterioration in CO7. qPCR validation of DEGs was in good agreement with RNA sequencing results, indicating the reliability of the sequencing platform. Present outcome provides a molecular insight regarding involvement of genes in self-life extension, which might help the sericulture industry to overcome their pre-existing problems related to landless farmers and larval feeding during monsoon.

Preparation of Hydrothermal Carbon Quantum Dots as a Contrast Amplifying Technique for the diaCEST MRI Contrast Agents.

The discovery of exogenous contrast agents (CAs) is one of the key factors behind the success and widespread acceptability of MRI as an imaging tool. To the long list of CAs, the newest addition is the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)-based CAs. Among them, the diaCEST CAs are the safer metal-free option constituted by a large pool of organic and macromolecules, but the tradeoff comes in terms of smaller natural offset. Another major challenge for the CEST CAs is that they need to operate in the tens of millimolar concentration range to produce any meaningful contrast. The quest for high efficiency diaCEST agents has led to a number of strategies such as use of hydrogen bonding, use of equivalent protons, and use of diatropic ring current. Here, we present carbon quantum dot formation using hydrothermal treatment as a new strategy to amplify diaCEST contrast efficiency. We show that while the well-known analgesic drug lidocaine hydrochloride when repurposed as a diaCEST CA produces no contrast at the physiological pH and temperature, the carbon dots prepared from it elevate the physiological contrast to a sizable 11%. Also, the maximum efficiency at an acidic pH gets amplified by a factor of 2 to 46%. The study showed that the enhancement in CEST efficiency is reproducible and the pH response of these carbon dots is tunable through variation in synthesis conditions such as temperature, duration, and precursor concentration.

Utility of anthropometric measures to identify small for gestational age newborns: A study from Eastern India.

Introduction: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) is one of the important factors for neonatal mortality. Early identification and necessary intervention of these newborns is crucial to increase their chances of survival and reduce long-term disabilities. However, in low- and middle-income countries a large portion of pregnant women are unaware of their accurate gestational age (GA) due to the limited availability of ultrasonography. The purpose of our study was to build an alternative tool to identify SGA. Methods: A institutional-based, prospective observational study was conducted from August-2018 to February-2020, with 1451 live singleton-newborns of 30-40 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate accurate GA in early pregnancy and a reference chart for the Asian population, constructed by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies was used to classify newborns as SGA. Neonatal anthropometry was measured within 48 hours of birth. Receiver operating characteristic curves were developed to identify the best cut-off point for each anthropometric parameter and the area under the curve (AUC) was estimated to assess the overall precision. Results: Prevalence of SGA was 34.3%. The AUC was 0.888 for head circumference (HC), 0.890 for chest circumference (CC), and 0.865 for mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). The optimal cut-offs to classify SGA were ≤32.45 cm for HC, ≤29.75 cm for CC and ≤8.55 cm for MUAC with sensitivities of 85.9%, 86.9% and 85.4%, specificities of 75.5%, 85.1% and 72.1%, positive predictive values of 0.64, 0.75 and 0.61 and negative predictive values of 0.91, 0.93 and 0.90 respectively. Conclusion: All three anthropometric measurements could be used to identify SGA but, overall CC is the best.

Quantum Hall Interferometry in Triangular Domains of Marginally Twisted Bilayer Graphene.

Quantum Hall (QH) interferometry provides an archetypal platform for the experimental realization of braiding statistics of fractional QH states. However, the complexity of observing fractional statistics requires phase coherence over the length of the interferometer, as well as suppression of Coulomb charging energy. Here, we demonstrate a new type of QH interferometer based on marginally twisted bilayer graphene (mtBLG), with a twist angle θ ≈ 0.16°. With the device operating in the QH regime, we observe distinct signatures of electronic Fabry-Pérot and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations of the magneto-thermopower in the density-magnetic field phase space, at Landau level filling factors ν = 4, 8. We find that QH interference effects are intrinsic to the triangular AB/BA domains in mtBLG that show diminished Coulomb charging effects. Our results demonstrate phase-coherent interference of QH edge modes without any additional gate-defined complex architecture, which may be beneficial in experimental realizations of non-Abelian braiding statistics.